COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

What Is COPD?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a group of progressive lung diseases — primarily chronic bronchitis and emphysema — that make it increasingly difficult to breathe. COPD is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.

Causes and Risk Factors

The most common cause of COPD is long-term exposure to irritants that damage the lungs and airways. Cigarette smoking is the leading risk factor, accounting for the majority of COPD cases. Other risk factors include exposure to secondhand smoke, occupational dust and chemicals, indoor air pollution (from burning biomass fuels), and a rare genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

Symptoms of COPD

COPD develops slowly, and symptoms often worsen over time. Early signs include a persistent cough (often called a “smoker’s cough”), increased mucus production, and mild shortness of breath during physical activity. As the disease progresses, breathing becomes more laboured even at rest, and patients may experience frequent respiratory infections, fatigue, and unintended weight loss.

Diagnosis and Treatment

COPD is diagnosed primarily through spirometry testing. Treatment focuses on slowing disease progression and relieving symptoms. Options include bronchodilator inhalers, inhaled corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation programmes, supplemental oxygen therapy for advanced cases, and — most importantly — smoking cessation.